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Bahasa Hungary
Bahasa ini mempunyai abjad tersendiri yang digunakan untuk menulis dan mewakilkan bunyi-bunyi khas ia:
| Letter | Name | Phoneme (IPA) | Complementary allophones (IPA)[2] | Padanan sebutan terhampir (baik dalam bahasa Melayu, Inggeris dsb) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | a | /ɒ/ [[:Media:Open back rounded vowel.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | similar to British English cot | [ɑ̝̹] might describe it better (raised, more rounded; sign rendered probably incorrectly, containing two diacritical marks below). Still definitely not [ɔ], but more like [ɒ] (the o in traditional Received Pronunciation hot) | |
| Á | á | /aː/ [[:Media:Open front unrounded vowel.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | segar | Not nearly as open as the a in American English hat, but closer to it than Hungarian a (without the accent mark) | |
| B | bé | /b/ [[:Media:voiced bilabial plosive.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | bayi | ||
| C | cé | /ts/ [[:Media:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | like pots | ||
| Cs | csé | /tʃ/ | cacing | ||
| D | dé | /d/ [[:Media:Voiced alveolar plosive.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | dadu | ||
| Dz | dzé | /dz/ [[:Media:voiced alveolar affricate.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | kids | rare. does not occur at the beginning of words. When neither post- nor preconsonantic, always realised as a geminate. | |
| Dzs | dzsé | /dʒ/ | jari, jaja, George, bridge | rare, mostly in loanwords. when final or intervocalic, usually realised as a geminate: maharadzsa /mɑhɑrɑdʒɑ/ [mɑhɑrɑd͡ʒːɑ] 'maharajah', bridzs /bridʒ/ [brid͡ʒː] 'bridge (card game)', but dzsungel /dʒuŋɡɛl/ [d͡ʒuŋɡɛl] 'jungle', fridzsider /fridʒidɛr/ [frid͡ʒidɛr] coll. 'refrigerator' | |
| E | e | /ɛ/ [[:Media:Open-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | lewat (é); edge atau bed | about 40-50% of speakers also have a phoneme /e/ (see below at Ë). /e/ is not considered part of standard Hungarian, wherein /ɛ/ takes the place of /e/. | |
| É | é | /eː/ [[:Media:Close-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | é [lewat] panjang | ||
| F | ef | /f/ [[:Media:voiceless labiodental fricative.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | fikir, euforia | ||
| G | gé | /ɡ/ [[:Media:Voiced velar plosive.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | gigi | ||
| Gy | gyé | /ɟ/ [[:Media:Voiced palatal plosive.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | (not used in English; soft form of /d/. Mostly similar to during, as pronounced in Received Pronunciation) | denoting /ɟ/ by <gy> is a remnant of (probably) Italian scribes who tried to render the Hungarian sound. <dy> would be a more consistent notation in scope of <ty>, <ny>, <ly> (see there), as the <y> part of digraphs show palatalisation in the Hungarian writing system. | |
| H | há | /h/ | 1. [ɦ] [[:Media:Voiced glottal fricative.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat)2. ∅ 3. [x] [[:Media:voiceless velar fricative.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) 4. [ç] [[:Media:voiceless palatal fricative.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | Pada mula:
Antara dua vokal:
Pada hujung:
| |
| I | i | /i/ | diri - lebih pendek daripada í | ||
| Í | í | /iː/ [[:Media:Close front unrounded vowel.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | I panjang | Vowel length is phonemically distinctive in Hungarian: irt = 'to exterminate' and írt = 'to write (past tense)' | |
| J | jé | /j/ [[:Media:Palatal approximant.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | [ç], [ʝ] | iya, yoyo | allophones occur when /j/ occurs after a consonant; (voiceless after voiceless, voiced after voiced consonants). e.g. férj 'husband', kapj 'get! (imperative)' |
| K | ká | /k/ [[:Media:Voiceless velar plosive.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | kaki | ||
| L | el | /l/ [[:Media:alveolar lateral approximant.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | laluan | ||
| Ly | elly, el-ipszilon | /j/ [[:Media:Palatal approximant.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) / /ʎ/ [[:Media:Palatal approximant.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | play, pray | ||
| M | em | /m/ [[:Media:bilabial nasal.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | mind, assume, might, | ||
| N | en | /n/ | [ŋ] [[:Media:velar nasal.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat)[n] [[:Media:alveolar nasal.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | nasib, bahan (kecuali sebelum huruf 'k' dan 'g' di mana - nganga, barang) | allophone before /k/, /ɡ/ |
| Ny | eny | /ɲ/ [[:Media:palatal nasal.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | nyanyi | ||
| O | o | /o/ | bohong | A shorter, more open variant of Ó. Unlike with short e, which is opened to /ɛ/ in standard speech, short o remains /o/, rather than opening to /ɔ/ where it would come close to clashing with short a. | |
| Ó | ó | /oː/ [[:Media:Close-mid back rounded vowel.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | 'O' panjang | Same as /o/ except longer. It is important to pay attention to. (eg.: kor = 'age' and kór = 'disease') | |
| Ö | ö | /ø/ [[:Media:Close-mid front rounded vowel.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | Sebutan "E pepet" (ĕ / berat) dengan bibir lebih membundar | A shorter, more open variant of Ő | |
| Ő | ő | /øː/ | 'Ö' panjang | Minimal pair to /ø/: öt = 'five' and őt = 'him/her (Hungarian pronouns do not specify gender)' | |
| P | pé | /p/ [[:Media:Voiceless bilabial plosive.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | pisau, aprikot, tutup | ||
| (Q) | kú | Q occurs only as part of the digraph qu in foreign words, realised as /kv/: Aquincum [ɑkviŋkum] (name of an old Roman settlement on the area of present-day Óbuda). Words originally spelled with qu are today usually spelled with kv, as in akvarell 'watercolor painting'. | |||
| R | er | /r/ [[:Media:alveolar trill.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | rambut | also called apical trill as pronounced by trilling the tip of your tongue (the apex) and not the uvula. | |
| S | es | /ʃ/ [[:Media:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | syahwat, syor | This notation is unusual for European writing systems where <s> stands for /s/ virtually everywhere. In Hungarian, /s/ is represented by <sz>. | |
| Sz | esz | /s/ [[:Media:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | susu | ||
| T | té | /t/ [[:Media:voiceless alveolar plosive.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | tarik, lewat, bintik | ||
| Ty | tyé | /c/ [[:Media:Voiceless palatal plosive.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | tube | ||
| U | u | /u/ | dahulu | ||
| Ú | ú | /uː/ [[:Media:Close back rounded vowel.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | 'u' panjang | minimal pair to /u/: hurok 'loop' ∼ húrok 'cords' | |
| Ü | ü | /y/ | (not used in English, corresponds to German Ü) | A shorter, more open variant of ű | |
| Ű | ű | /yː/ [[:Media:Close front rounded vowel.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | 'Ü' panjang | ||
| V | vé | /v/ [[:Media:voiced labiodental fricative.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | video, revolusi, vakum | ||
| (W) | dupla vé | /v/ [[:Media:voiced labiodental fricative.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | only occurs in foreign words and in Hungarian aristocratic surnames | ||
| (X) | iksz | occurs only in loanwords, and there only when denoting /ks/; [ɡz] is transcribed: extra, Alexandra, but egzakt 'exact'. | |||
| (Y) | ipszilon | /i/ | happy | Usually combined with another letter to form a new sound (see ly, ny, gy, ty). In loanwords, usually rendered as /i/ or /j/. Occurs very often in old Hungarian aristocratic surnames where it stands for /i/ or /ʲi/: 'Báthory' [baːtori], 'Batthyány' [bɑcːaːɲi] or [bɑcːaːni] (<n>+<y> ∼ /ɲi/) | |
| Z | zé | /z/ [[:Media:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | desert, roses | ||
| Zs | zsé | /ʒ/ [[:Media:Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg|]] (bantuan·maklumat) | pleasure, leisure |
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